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Nanotheranostics 2024; 8(2):247-269. doi:10.7150/ntno.91910 This issue Cite

Review

Recurring SARS-CoV-2 variants: an update on post-pandemic, co-infections and immune response

Ashmit Verma^{1,2 †}, Anjali Manojkumar^3,4†, Anupam Dhasmana^3,6, Manish K. Tripathi^3,6, Meena Jaggi^3,6, Subhash C. Chauhan^3,6, Deepak S. Chauhan^5,7,8✉, Murali M. Yallapu^3,6✉

1. Divyasampark iHub Roorkee for Devices Materials and Technology Foundation, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
2. Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, 464001, India.
3. Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA.
4. Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA.
5. Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3C 3J7, QC, Canada.
6. South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA.
7. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
8. Department of Pediatrics, IWK Research Center, Halifax, NS, Canada.
† Authors contributed equally to this work.

✉ Corresponding authors: Dr. Deepak S. Chauhan, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, NS, Canada; deepak.chauhanca; Tel.: (+1-438-228-7875). Dr. Murali M. Yallapu, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, USA; murali.yallapuedu; Tel.: (+1-956-296-1734). More

Abstract

The post-pandemic era following the global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has brought about persistent concerns regarding recurring coinfections. While significant strides in genome mapping, diagnostics, and vaccine development have controlled the pandemic and reduced fatalities, ongoing virus mutations necessitate a deeper exploration of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 mutations and the host's immune response. Various vaccines, including RNA-based ones like Pfizer and Moderna, viral vector vaccines like Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca, and protein subunit vaccines like Novavax, have played critical roles in mitigating the impact of COVID-19. Understanding their strengths and limitations is crucial for tailoring future vaccines to specific variants and individual needs. The intricate relationship between SARS-CoV-2 mutations and the immune response remains a focus of intense research, providing insights into personalized treatment strategies and long-term effects like long-COVID.

This article offers an overview of the post-pandemic landscape, highlighting emerging variants, summarizing vaccine platforms, and delving into immunological responses and the phenomenon of long-COVID. By presenting clinical findings, it aims to contribute to the ongoing understanding of COVID-19's progression in the aftermath of the pandemic.

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